Implementing A Development Plan For The Country s Economy

When pursuing development plans, they are usually geared around methods to increase the state of the country’s economy. However, the ultimate goal for a development plan should be to not only ensure that the economy is better off but that the people are better off. Developing later has benefits in the sense that decisions can be improved based on learning from advanced countries and have the knowledge on how not to waste resources. On the other hand, the later you begin to develop the more difficult it will be because of the time lapse. On top of that, based on the description of the country, there will a lot of challenges, economically and politically, to endure in order to attempt to achieve development. The biggest challenge that the country faces is in terms of currency. The country needs local currency to pay for labor and domestic inputs while the foreign exchange is necessary to pay for technology, capital goods, imported inputs, and transportation. Although, it is beneficial that the country has no deficit or accumulating debt, the country does not have any foreign exchange. This hinders the overall ability for the country to develop via industrialization. One way to get foreign exchange is to exchange your local currency into dollars, but this can only be done a very small scale because the domestic currency is needed and exchange rates can become problematic. Another possible mechanism to create foreign exchange is through implementing free trade. This wouldShow MoreRelatedThe Greek Sovereign Debt Crisis1418 Words   |  6 Pagesits economy woes? Secondly, should Greece change its domestic economic policies in response to demands from the EU? Yes, the European Union should help Greece bailout its economy woes. The reasons are as follows. Greece was living expenditure beyond its means even before it joined the European Union. After Greece adopted the euro of single currency, so public sector spending was sharply increased. 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Education is provided through government funding through the graduate school level. India is a collectivist culture emphasizing the person-organization fit as a predictor of the turnover rate in that country. IndividualRe ad MoreThe Execution Of A New Strategy1377 Words   |  6 Pagesperson who or entity who is accountable for implementing the new policy. At the outset of the execution of a new policy, a group should be identified that can oversee the new strategy in all pertinent sectors of the organization to assure various efforts within management are synchronized. In Jordan, an expansion synchronization team was set up in the governmental bureau that collected information from each of the government directorates within the kingdom s Education Ministry to oversee the implementation

Puritanism And The Native People Example

Essays on Puritanism And The Native People Coursework Puritanism and the Native People William Bradford sees Indians as noble savages who should be punished for treating other people in bad ways. Though William Bradford is portrayed as a very pious man, his Christian values are not portrayed in his behavior towards the Indians and less fortunate people. On one hand he praises God for His care during the journey while on the other hand, he comments that it pleased God to smite a young man with a terrible illness, which seems to imply that he had a revengeful heart contrary to his Christian belief where we should not rejoice during other peoples misery, though they have wronged us. The man in the story had been offending and speaking in an evil manner to the people on the ship but this did not mean he died for revenge.Mary Rowlandson sees native Indians as bad Indians and this is because they burnt her home, killed her friends and family and took her into captivity, and this could have been a cause for her to create bitterness in her hear t towards them. She does not seem to have been treated with the cruelty that her other prisoners are given probably due to the fact that she complies with what she is told to do. She acknowledges that it is God who has made every positive thing to happen. She notes that the Indians had been preserved by God to facilitate the punishment of her backslidden members of her family and people due to the evil things they have done. She acknowledges that God is ready to save always and gives an example of her spiritual reawakening after such a harrowing experience in the hands of the Indians. She also portrays anti Christian attitude by asserting that her race was superior to the Indians. She does not show Christian character when she does not empathize with the death of an Indian woman’s child. John Smith attitude towards the Indians had a mixture of negative and positive aspects. He liked the Indians because they fed him and because they were gifted in the expansion of trade with Europe and especially King Powhatan who wanted to expand His Kingdom. He had a internal dislike for the Indians because he considered them to be smarter than he was and depended on their help to survive in an era that was full of violence. His attitude towards the native people expresses the truest description because it expresses their negative and positive sides, which is right because people cannot be perfect and they have their good and bad sides.Work CitedRowlandson, Mary. Puritanism, Indians and Witchcraft, 2011. A Narrative of the Captivity and Restoration of Mrs. Mary Rowlandson

The Last Dance Chapter Two Free Essays

It was raining relentlessly on the morning of October thirtieth, a Saturday, the day after the body of Andrew Henry Hale was found dead in his bed in an apartment on Currey and Twelfth. Carella and Meyer came running out of the precinct and into the parking lot behind it, drenched to the bone before they’d taken half a dozen steps. Rain banged on the roof of the car. We will write a custom essay sample on The Last Dance Chapter Two or any similar topic only for you Order Now Rain drilled Carella’s head as he fumbled the key into the lock on the driver’s side, rain smashed his eyes, rain soaked the shoulders of his coat and plastered his hair onto his forehead. Meyer stood patiently hunched and hulking on the passenger side of the car, eyes squinched, drowning in the merciless rain. â€Å"Just take all the time in the world,† he suggested. Carella finally got the key into the lock, twisted it open, hurried inside, and reached across the seat to unlock the other door for Meyer. â€Å"Whoosh!† Meyer said, and pulled the door shut behind him. Both men sat breathless for a moment, enclosed now in a rattling cocoon, the windshield and windows melting with rain. Behind them, the precinct lights glowed yellow, offering comfort and warmth, odd solace for a place they rarely associated with either. Meyer shifted his weight, reached into his back pants pockets for a handkerchief, and dried his face and the top of his bald head. Carella took several Dunkin’ Donuts paper napkins from the side pocket on the door and tried to blot water from his soaked hair. â€Å"Boy,† he said, and grabbed more napkins from the door. Together, the two men in their bulky overcoats crowded the front seat of the â€Å"company car,† as they mockingly called it. They were partnered as often as not, the twin peculiarities of exigency and coincidence frequently determining more effectively than any duty chart exactly who might be in the squadroom when the phone rang. They had caught the Hale squeal together yesterday morning. The case was now theirs until either they made an arrest or retired it in the so-called Open File. Carella started the car.I Meyer turned on the radio. The insistent chatter of police calls scratched at the beating rain. It took a while for the ancient heater to throw any real warmth into the car, adding its clanking clatter to the steady drumming of the rain, the drone of the dispatcher’s voice, the hissing swish of tires on black asphalt. Cops on the job listened with one ear all the time, waiting to hear the dispatcher specifically calling their car, particularly waiting for the urgent signal that would tell them an officer was down, in which case every car in the vicinity would respond. Meanwhile, as the rain fell and the heater hurled uncertain hot air onto their faces and their feet, they talked idly about Carella’s birthday party earlier this month – a subject he’d rather have forgotten since he’d just turned forty – and the trouble Meyer was having with his brother-in-law, who never had liked Meyer and who kept trying to sell him additional life insurance because he was in such a da ngerous occupation. â€Å"You think our occupation is dangerous?† he asked. â€Å"Dangerous, no,† Carella said. â€Å"Hazardous.† â€Å"Enough to warrant what he calls combat insurance?† â€Å"No, I don’t think so.† â€Å"I rented a video last week,† Meyer said, â€Å"Robin Williams is dead in it, he goes to heaven. One of the worst movies I ever saw in my entire life.† â€Å"I never go to movies where somebody dies and goes to heaven,† Carella said. â€Å"What you should never do is go to a movie with the word ‘Dream’ in the title,† Meyer said. â€Å"Sarah likes these pictures where movie stars die and go walking around so mere mortals can’t see them. So you never heard of it, huh?† Meyer said. â€Å"Never,† Carella said, and smiled. He was thinking if you worked with a man long enough, you began reading his mind. â€Å"Your kids aren’t teenagers yet,† Meyer said. â€Å"Rophies? Roofies? Rope? R2? Those are all names the kids use for it.† â€Å"New one on me,† Carella said. â€Å"It used to come in one- and two-milligram tablets,† Meyer said. â€Å"Hoffman-La Roche – that’s the company that manufactures it – recently pulled the two-mill off the retail market in Germany. But it’s still available here. That’s another name for it, by the way. La Roche. Or even just Roach. How much did Blaney say the old man had dropped?† â€Å"At least two mills.† â€Å"Would’ve knocked him out in half an hour. It’s supposed to be ten times stronger than Valium, no taste, no odor. You really never heard of it?† â€Å"Never,† Carella said. â€Å"It’s also called the Date-Rape drag,† Meyer said. â€Å"When it first got popular in Texas, kids were using it to boost a heroin high or cushion a cocaine crash. Then some cowboy discovered if he dropped a two-mill tab in a girl’s beer, it had the same effect as if she drank a six-pack. In ten, twenty minutes, she’s feeling no pain. She loses all inhibitions, blacks out, and wakes up the next morning with no memory of what happened.† â€Å"Sounds like science-fiction,† Carella said. â€Å"Small white tablet,† Meyer said, â€Å"you can either dissolve it in a drink or snort it. Ruffles is another name. The Forget Pill, too. Or Roofenol. Or Rib. Costs three, four bucks a tab.† â€Å"Thanks for the input,† Carella said. The men were on their way to Andrew Male’s bank. They were now in possession of a court order authorizing them to open his safe deposit box. Inside that box, by Cynthia Keating’s own admission, there was an insurance policy on her father’s life. Her husband had also told them that his law firm was in possession of her father’s will, which left to husband and wife all of the old man’s earthly possessions – which did not amount to a hell of a lot. A passbook they’d found in the apartment showed a bank balance of $2,476.12. The old man had also owned a collection of 78 rpm’s dating back to the thirties and forties, none of them rare, all of them swing hits of the day – Benny Goodman, Harry James, Glenn Miller – played and replayed over and over again until the shellac was scratched and the grooves worn. There were a few books in the apartment as well, most of them dog-eared paperbacks. There was an eight-piece setting of inexpensive silver plate. True enough, in a city where a five-dollar bill in a tattered billfold was often cause enough for murder, these belongings alone might have provided motive. But not for two people as well off as the Keatings. Besides, this had not been a case of someone choosing a random victim on the street and then popping him, something that happened all the time. Someone had gone to a great deal of trouble here, first drugging the old man and next hanging him. The prize had to be worth the trouble. Carella pulled the car into a No Parking zone in front of the bank. He flipped down his visor to show the pink police paper that normally warned off any cop on the beat, and then stepped out of the car and dashed through the rain toward the front of the bank, Meyer pounding along behind him. Their court order opened the dead man’s safe deposit box, and sure enough, they found an insurance policy for $25,000, with Andrew Male’s daughter and son-in-law listed as sole beneficiaries. The policy did, in fact, contain a suicide exclusion clause: Section 1.5 SUICIDE If the insured dies by suicide within one year from the Date of Issue, the amount payable by the Company will be limited to the premiums paid. But the policy had been issued almost ten years ago. Thursday night was the night in question. According to what Cynthia Keating had told them, she’d spoken to her father at nine that night, and had found him hanging dead at nine-thirty or so the next morning. A check with the telephone company confirmed that she had indeed called his number at 9:07 the night before, and had spent two minutes on the phone with him. This did not preclude her later taking the subway across the river and into the trees, going up to his apartment, dropping a few pills in his wine or his beer or his bottled water, and then hanging him over a hook. But – Cynthia maintained that after having telephoned her father, she had gone to meet her girlfriend Josie at the movie theater a block from her apartment and together they had seen a movie that started around 9:15 and ended around 11:45, after which she and her friend Josie had gone for tea and scones at a little snack bar called Westmore’s. She had returned home at around twelve-thirty, and had not left the apartment again until the next morning at around twenty to nine, at which time she had taken the subway across the river, and walked to her father’s apartment, only to find Dad, poor Dad, hanging in the closet, and I’m feeling so bad. The movie she’d seen was part of a Kurosawa retrospective. It was titled High and Low, and it was based on a novel by an American who wrote cheap mysteries. A call to the theater confirmed the title of the film and the start and finish times. A call to her girlfriend Josie Gallitano confirmed that she had accompanied Cynthia to the movie and had later enjoyed a cup of tea and a chocolate-covered scone with her. Cynthia’s husband, as was to be expected, confirmed that he had found her asleep in bed when he got home from a poker game at around one o’clock. She had not left the apartment again that night. There had been six other men in that poker game. Keating claimed that the game had started at eight o’clock and ended at around a quarter past midnight. The six other men confirmed that he had been there during the times he’d stated. His wife, as was to be expected, confirmed that he’d come home at around one a.m., and had not left the apartment again that night. It appeared to the detectives that their two prime suspects had airtight alibis and that whoever had dropped Rohypnol into Andrew Male’s drink and draped him over a closet hook was still out there boogying someplace. At Hale’s funeral on Sunday morning, they listened to a minister who had never met the man telling his sole remaining relatives what a fine and upstanding human being he’d been. Cynthia Keating and her husband Robert listened dry-eyed. It was still raining when the first shovelful of earth was dumped onto Male’s simple wooden casket. It was as if he had never existed. From home that Sunday night, Carella called Danny Gimp. â€Å"Danny?† he said. â€Å"It’s Steve.† â€Å"Hey, Steve,† Danny said. â€Å"Whatta ya hear?† This was a joke. Danny Gimp was an informer. He – and not Carella – was the one who heard things and passed them on. For money. The men didn’t exchange any niceties. Carella got right down to business. â€Å"Old guy named Andrew Hale . . .† â€Å"How old?† Danny asked. â€Å"Sixty-eight.† â€Å"Ancient,† Danny said. â€Å"Got himself aced Thursday night.† â€Å"Where?† â€Å"Apartment off Currey Yard.† â€Å"What time?† â€Å"ME puts it around midnight. But you know how accurate PMFs are.† â€Å"How’d he catch it?† â€Å"Hanged. But first he was doped with a drug called Rohypnol. Ever hear of it?† â€Å"Sure.† â€Å"You have?† â€Å"Sure,† Danny said. â€Å"Anyway,† Carella said, â€Å"the only two people who had any reason to want him dead have alibis a mile long. We’re wondering if maybe they knew somebody handy with a noose.† â€Å"Uh-huh.† â€Å"He’s a lawyer . . .† â€Å"The dead man?† â€Å"No. One of the suspects.† â€Å"A criminal lawyer?† â€Å"No. But he knows criminal lawyers.† â€Å"That doesn’t mean he knows hit men.† â€Å"It means there could’ve been access.† â€Å"Okay.† â€Å"Ask around, Danny. There’s twenty-five grand in insurance money involved here.† â€Å"That ain’t a lot.† â€Å"I know. But maybe it’s enough.† â€Å"Well, let me go on the earie, see what’s what.† â€Å"Get back to me, okay?† â€Å"If I hear anything.† â€Å"Even if you don’t.† â€Å"Okay,† Danny said, and hung up. He did not get back to Carella until the following Sunday night, the seventh of November. By that time, the case was stone cold dead. Danny came limping into the place he himself had chosen for the meet, a pizzeria on Culver and Sixth. The collar of his threadbare coat was pulled high against the wind and the rain. A long, college-boy, striped muffler was wrapped around his neck, and he was wearing woolen gloves. He peered around the place as if he were a spy coming in with nuclear secrets. Carella signaled to him. A scowl crossed Danny’s face. â€Å"You shouldn’t do that,† he said, sliding into the booth. â€Å"Bad enough I’m meeting you in a public place.† Carella was willing to forgive Danny his occasional irritability. He had never forgotten that Danny had come to the hospital when he’d got shot for the first time in his professional life. It had not been an easy thing for Danny to do; police informers do not last long on the job once it is known they are police informers. Danny’s eyes were darting all over the place now, checking the perimeter. He himself had chosen the venue, but he seemed disturbed by it now, perhaps because it was unexpectedly crowded at nine a.m. on a Monday morning. Who the hell expected people eating pizza for breakfast? But he couldn’t go to the station house, and he didn’t want Carella to come to his shitty little room over on the South Side because to tell the truth, it embarrassed him. Danny had known better times. He was thinner than Carella had ever seen him, his eyes rheumy, his nose runny. He kept taking paper napkins from the holder on the table, blowing his nose, crumpling the napkins and stuffing them into the pockets of his coat, which he had not yet removed. He did not look healthy. But more than that, he looked unkempt, odd for a man who’d always prided himself on what he considered sartorial elegance. Danny needed a shave. Soiled shirt cuffs showed at the edges of his ragged coat sleeves. His face was dotted with blackheads, his fingernails edged with grime. Sensing Carella’s scrutiny, he said in seeming explanation, â€Å"The leg’s been bothering me.† â€Å"I’m sorry to hear that.† â€Å"Yeah, it still bothers me. From when I got shot that time.† â€Å"Uh-huh.† Actually, Danny had never been shot in his life. He limped because he’d had polio as a child. But pretending he’d been wounded in a big gang shoot-out gave him a certain street cred he considered essential to the gathering of incidental information. Carella was willing to forgive him the lie. â€Å"You want some pizza?† he asked. â€Å"Coffee might be better,† Danny said, and started to rise. BMiimCi â€Å"Sit,† Carella said, â€Å"I’ll get it. You want anything with it?† â€Å"The pastry looks good,† Danny said. â€Å"Bring me one of them chocolate things, okay?† Carella went up to the counter and came back some five minutes later with two chocolate eclairs and two cups of coffee. Danny was blowing on his hands, trying to warm them. A constant flow of traffic through the entrance doors and past the counter kept bringing in the cold from outside. He picked up his coffee cup, warmed his hands on that for a while. Carella bit into his chocolate eclair. Danny bit into his. â€Å"Oh, Jesus,† he said, â€Å"that is delicious,† and took another bite. â€Å"Oh, Jesus,† he said again. â€Å"So what’ve you got?† Carella asked. $25,000 was a big-enough prize in a city where you could buy anyone’s dead ass for a subway token. If Robert Keating and his wife Cynthia had been otherwise engaged while her father was being hoisted and hanged, the possibility existed that they’d hired someone to do the job for them. In this city, you could get anything done to anybody for a price. You want somebody’s eyeglasses smashed? You want his fingernails pulled out? His legs broken? You want him more seriously injured? You want him hurt so he’s an invalid the rest of his life? You want him skinned, you want him burned, you want him – don’t even mention it in a whisper – killed! It can be done. Let me talk to someone. It can be done. â€Å"I’ve got quite a lot, actually,† Danny said, seemingly more involved in his eclair than in doing business. â€Å"Oh really?† Carella said. On the phone last night, Danny had said only that he’d come up with something interesting. This morning, it seemed to be more than that. But perhaps this was just the prelude to negotiation. Actually, Danny knew that what he had was very good stuff. So good, in fact, that it might be worth more money than Carella was used to paying. He hated negotiating with someone he considered an old friend, though he was never quite sure Carella shared the sentiment. At the same time, he didn’t want to pass on information that could conceivably lead to a bust in a murder case, and then have Carella toss fifty bucks or so across the table. This was too good for that kind of chump change. â€Å"I know who did it,† he said, flat out. Carella looked surprised. â€Å"Yeah, I got lucky,† Danny said, and grinned. His teeth looked bad, too. He was clearly not taking good care of himself. â€Å"So let me hear it,† Carella said. â€Å"I think this is worth at least what the killer got,† Danny said, lowering his voice. â€Å"And how much is that?† â€Å"Five grand,† Danny said. â€Å"You’re joking, right?† â€Å"You think so?† Danny said. Carella did not think so. â€Å"I’d have to clear that kind of money with the lieutenant,† he said. â€Å"Sure, clear it. But I don’t think this guy’s gonna hang around very long.† â€Å"What can I tell him?† â€Å"Who?† â€Å"My lieutenant.† Five thousand was a lot of money to hand over to an informer. The squadroom slush fund sometimes rose higher than that, depending on what contributions went into it in any given month. Nobody asked questions about a few bucks that disappeared during drug busts hither and yon, provided the money went into what was euphemistically called â€Å"The War Chest†. But a big drug intercept on the docks downtown had slowed traffic in the precinct these past two months, and Carella wondered now if there was that much contingency cash lying around. He further wondered if the lieutenant would turn over that kind of money to a stoolie. Danny’s information would have to be pure gold to justify such an outlay. â€Å"Tell him I know who did it and I know where he is,† he said. â€Å"If that ain’t worth five grand, I’m in the wrong business.† â€Å"How’d you get this?† Carella asked. â€Å"Fellow I know.† â€Å"How’d he get it?† â€Å"Straight from the horse’s mouth.† â€Å"Give me something I can run with.† â€Å"Sure,† Danny said. â€Å"Your man was in a poker game.† â€Å"You talking about Robert Keating?† Carella said, surprised. â€Å"No. Who’s Robert Keating?† â€Å"Then who do you mean?† â€Å"The guy you’re looking for,† Danny said. â€Å"He was in a poker game this past Saturday night.† â€Å"Okay.† â€Å"Who’s Robert Keating?† Danny asked again. â€Å"Nobody,† Carella said. â€Å"What about this game?† â€Å"Your man was betting big.† â€Å"How big?† â€Å"Thousand-dollar pots. Came in with a five-grand stake, worked it up to twenty before the night was through. Big winner.† â€Å"Is he a gambler?† â€Å"No, he’s a hit man who just likes to gamble.† â€Å"He from this city?† â€Å"Houston, Texas. And heading back there.† â€Å"When?† â€Å"Sometime this Wednesday. You want him, you better move fast. Funny about Houston, ain’t it?† Carella did not think there was anything funny about Houston. â€Å"It must drive foreigners crazy,† Danny said. â€Å"The way words are spelled the same, but pronounced different. In English, I mean.† â€Å"How does this guy spell his name?† Carella asked, fishing. â€Å"Ho ho,† Danny said. â€Å"There’s a street in New York, you know, it’s spelled exactly the same as the city in Texas, but it’s pronounced House-ton Street. Instead, we say Youse-ton, Texas, after Sam Youse-ton, is the way he pronounced his name. Which is peculiar, don’t you think?† â€Å"How does this hit man pronounce his name?† â€Å"Ho, ho, ho,† Danny said, and shook his finger. â€Å"Who hired him?† Carella said. â€Å"Can you tell me that?† â€Å"I don’t know who hired him.† â€Å"Why was the old man killed?† â€Å"Somebody wanted what he had and he wouldn’t turn it over. So they took him out of the picture.† â€Å"They?† â€Å"Whoever.† â€Å"More than one person?† â€Å"I don’t know that for sure.† â€Å"You said ‘they.'† â€Å"Just an expression. All I know is the only way to get what they wanted was to have him dusted.† â€Å"The old man didn’t have a pot to piss in, Danny.† â€Å"I’m telling you what I heard.† â€Å"From who?† â€Å"My friend. Who got it straight from the hitter.† â€Å"He told your friend he killed somebody?† â€Å"Of course not.† â€Å"I didn’t think so.† â€Å"But he told him enough.† â€Å"Like what?† â€Å"Drunk talk. Suppose this, suppose that.† â€Å"Suppose what, Danny?† â€Å"Okay, suppose there’s this old fart got something somebody else wants real bad and he won’t part with it? And suppose this something is worth a lotta money? And suppose . . .† â€Å"This is our man talking?† â€Å"This is him. Suppose somebody’s willing to pay a person five large to get rid of the old man and make it look like an accident? And suppose . . .† â€Å"Did he use that word? Accident?† â€Å"Yeah.† â€Å"And the price was five grand?† â€Å"The same five he brought into the poker game.† â€Å"When did he tell your friend all this?† â€Å"Saturday night. After the game. They went back to his hotel room, had a few drinks, smoked a few joints.† â€Å"Who supplied them?† â€Å"The drinks?† â€Å"The drinks, the pot.† â€Å"The hitter. It was his party. I gotta tell you something, Steve. When a guy makes a big score, and then he quadruples it in a card game, he wants to talk about it, you dig? He’s proud of it. That’s the way these guys’ minds work. They want to tell you how great they are. My friend lost his shirt in that game Saturday night. Well, winners like to shit all over losers. So your hitter took pity on my friend, asked him to share a bottle and a couple of joints with him so he could tell him how fuckin terrific he is, gettin five grand to dust an old fart.† â€Å"But he didn’t tell him that.† â€Å"The five grand, yes. The actual dusting, no.† â€Å"Then you’ve got nothing to sell.† â€Å"Oh, I’ve got plenty to sell. Remember what you told me on the phone? You asked did I hear anything on this old man got doped with R2 before somebody hung him in the closet. That ain’t the kind of detail a person forgets, Steve. Well, before my friend left the hotel room – I think they had sex, by the way. My friend and the hitter. He’s gay, my friend. Anyway, the hitter handed him a little present. A gift for the loser, you know? A consolation prize. Said it’d help his sex life. Grinning, right? It’ll help your sex life, Harpo, give it a try. That’s my friend’s name, Harpo. So Harpo figured the guy was laying a Viagra cap on him. But instead, it was this.† Danny reached into his coat pocket. He opened his hand. A blister-pack strip of white tablets was on the palm, the word Roche echoing over and again across its face. â€Å"Roach,† Danny said. â€Å"Same as your hangman used.† â€Å"Who gave you that?† â€Å"Harpo.† â€Å"Harpo what?† â€Å"Marx,† Danny said, and grinned like a barracuda. â€Å"Let me get this straight.† â€Å"Sure.† â€Å"Poker game Saturday night . . .† â€Å"Right on Lewiston Avenue.† â€Å"Guy who killed Andrew Hale comes into the game with five grand, leaves it with twenty. Invites your friend Harpo up for a drink, some pot, a little sex, starts boasting about the hit, lays a strip of roach on him before they part company.† â€Å"You’ve got it.† â€Å"And you say the hitter’s leaving town the day after tomorrow?† â€Å"From what I understand.† â€Å"This isn’t any high-pressured bullshit, is it, Danny?† â€Å"Me? High-pressured?† â€Å"I mean, he really is going back to Houston this Wednesday?† â€Å"Is what Harpo told me.† â€Å"And he also told you the guy’s name . . .† â€Å"He did.† â€Å". . . and where he’s staying.† â€Å"That’s right.† â€Å"Out of the goodness of his heart.† â€Å"He’s a friend. Also, I’ll probably pass a little something on to him if your lieutenant comes through.† â€Å"I’ll have to get back to you on this,† Carella said. â€Å"Sure, take your time,† Danny said. â€Å"You got till Wednesday.† â€Å"I’ll let you know,† Carella said, and started to move out of the booth, suddenly remembering how cold it was outside on this eighth day of November. You got to be forty, and suddenly it was cold out there. He was sliding across the leatherette seat, swinging his legs out, starting to rise, Danny doing the same thing on the other side of the table, when the first shot pierced the din of the abnormally crowded room, silencing it in an instant. Even before the second shot sounded, people were diving under tables. It took a moment for Carella to spot the two gunmen advancing swiftly toward the booth, one black, one white, equal opportunity employment. It took another moment for him to realize Danny Gimp was their target. His coat was already unbuttoned, he reached across his waist for a cross-body draw, the nine-millimeter Clock snapping out of its holster with a spring-assisted click. There were more shots. Someone screamed. Danny was scrambling across the floor on his hands and knees, trailing blood. A man running for the entrance doors knocked over one of the serving counters, and pizza toppings spilled all over the floor, tomato sauce running into anchovies and mushrooms and grated cheese and slippery slices of pepperoni. Carella upended a table, and ducked behind it. There was more screaming, two more shots very close by, footsteps pounding. He raised his head in time to see the gunmen running toward the front of the place, leaped to his feet, began chasing after them. There was still too much background for him to risk firing. He followed them out into the street, thought he had a clear shot, but they turned the corner in that instant and were gone. Shit, he thought. The last two shots Carella heard had been fired at close range into Danny’s head. The shot near his cheek was fired with the muzzle of the gun almost touching the skin; there was a cluster of soot on the flesh but hardly any gunpowder around the wound itself. The shot closer to Danny’s chin was fired from a few inches away; gunpowder particles were diffused over a two-inch diameter and the wound was encircled by a small area of soot. Danny was already dead when Carella knelt beside him. A patrolman pounded into the pizzeria with his gun drawn, scaring the patrons even further, yelling â€Å"Stand back, everybody keep back,† like an extra in an action-adventure movie. Tables and chairs had been overturned in the mad rush that virtually cleared the place of customers. But many of the patrons still lingered, either curious to see what a bleeding body looked like close up, or else hoping to wave to the television cameras if and when they got here. There was nothing jackasses liked better than to grin and wave at the camera while tragedy was unfolding in the foreground. â€Å"I’m on the job,† Carella told the patrolman. â€Å"Get an ambulance here.† A second patrolman entered the place now, his gun also drawn, his eyes wide, his face pale. He had never seen a dead body before except for that time in a funeral home when his uncle Pete died of sclerosis of the liver. The first patrolman, similarly inexperienced, was already on his mobile phone, telling Sergeant Murchison at the Eight-Seven that there’d been a shoot-out in the pizzeria on Culver and Sixth, Guide’s, the place was called. â€Å"There’s one person down, better send a meat wagon,† he actually called it, causing Murchison to wince. The television cameras arrived some five minutes before either the ambulance or a second car from adjoining Charlie Sector angled into the curb. A woman wearing a fake fur that looked fake told the roving reporter that all at once these two big guys came in and started shooting at the man lying on the floor over there, at which point the camera operator panned over to where Danny was lying in an ocean of slippery pizza toppings, blood and tomato sauce mingling to create an op-art camera op. The second patrolman told everybody to keep back; he was wondering if he should put up some of those yellow crime scene tapes he had in the trunk of the patrol car. Two teenagers wearing woolen watch caps, ski parkas, and baggy pants tried to position themselves behind the victim so they could grin and wave at the camera, but they were too late. The camera operator had already turned to the entrance door, where a pair of detectives from the Eight-Seven were walking in looking very official and bus y, shields pinned to their overcoats, faces raw from the biting cold outside. Behind them, an ambulance was pulling in, which made for another good shot, the detectives with long strides and flapping overcoats, the flashing red lights on the ambulance, this was the camera operator’s lucky day. Arthur Brown, one of the responding detectives, would later tell everyone in the squadroom that even before Carella informed him, he knew the guy laying on the floor there was dead. The detective with Brown was Bert Kling. The minute he spotted Carella, he went over to him and asked, â€Å"What happened?† â€Å"Two hitters nailed Danny Gimp,† Carella said, and got to his feet, his coat sleeve stained with blood from Danny’s wounds, the knees of his trousers soiled from all the pizza shit on the floor. They all stood around while the stretchers came in. The paramedics realized at once that there wasn’t any urgency about getting Danny aboard. How to cite The Last Dance Chapter Two, Essay examples

Crusible vs Mccarthyism free essay sample

The Crucible is a historical play based on the events of the Salem witch trial in a small puritan colony located in Massachusetts in 1692. Abigail Williams is the main person who is accusing all these other people of practicing witchcraft and pressures a group of girls into believing what she says. She also had affair with John Proctor, whose wife has been accused of witchcraft. John proctor pressures one of Abigail minions, Mary Warren, to tell the court about how Abigail has been deceiving them, in order to try and save his wifes life.The Crucible is an allegory for McCarthy. McCarthy is the practice of making accusations of disloyalty, subversion, or treason without proper regard for evidence. The main person making accusations about people who were communist was Joseph McCarthy. Pressure for conformity is evident in both The Crucible and McCarthy. Pressure for conformity is evident in The Crucible through many characters forcing others to join their side or confess. We will write a custom essay sample on Crusible vs Mccarthyism or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page To prevent herself from getting in trouble, Abigail threatens the girls so that they will not tell the truth about what really appended. She says let either of you breathe a word, or the edge of a word, about the other things, and will come to you in the black of the night and I will bring a sharp pointy reckoning that will shudder you (Miller 20). Abigail is pressuring the girls to go along with what ever she says by threatening them. If the girls disobey Abigail, then she would have killed them.Elizabeth Proctor has been accused of witchcraft because Abigail placed a poppet with a needle in it inside her house, but no one knows that Abigail set Elizabeth up except Mary Warren. Mary Warren is being pressured to tell the truth about the poppet by Elizabethan husband, John Proctor. He says you are coming to the court with me Mary. You will tell the truth (Miller 80). Mary Warren is scared to tell the truth about the poppet because she knows if she tells the Abigail will be out to get her.When Mary tells John Proctor the truth the poppet, a person can tell Hess pressuring her to tell the truth through his tone. Hes demanding the she goes to the court with him, instead Of asking her. As Mary Warren is in court to confess to pretending to see the devil and spirits, the arils and Abigail began to act like Mary Warren has sent her spirit on them. Now that Mary Warrens story is being contradicted by others, Judge Detonator says, You will confess or you will hang (Miller 1 17).Even though Mary Warren has confessed that she was pretending to see spirits she is being pressured to admitting that she did see them. She is being pressured by being given the choice to tell the truth (seeing the devil) or she will be killed. There are many examples of pressure for conformity through the actions and language of characters throughout The Crucible. Pressure for conformity is evident in McCarthy because people were asked to name names, but refused because they were scared of the social backlash. After being accused of being a communist, or non-patriotic, people were put on trial. Joseph McCarthy was head of the all the trails and used many different tactics to get people to confess to being a communist, he used severe intimidation, and often the threat of prison, when trying to get information and he often had little or no solid evidence on which to base his claims (Hoyt). People often threaten others as a way of getting what they want. McCarthy used intimidation and prison as a way of getting people to testify or confess.The tone of a persons voice can easily get someone to make a testimony if they are weak minded and dont do well under pressure. People were being pressured to go along with the anticommunist views of the United States and pressured to admit if they saw something that was non-patriotic. The Hollywood Ten was asked to testify against communism but they desisted, but ten unfriendly witnesses refused to answers the committees questions about their political bel iefs or to name names (The Anticommunist Crusade). The Holly,voodoo Ten was exercising the First Amendment, freedom of speech, when they refused to testify.As a result they were sent to jail and blacklisted, denied employment, in Hollywood (The Anticommunist Crusade). This is an example of pressure for conformity because people were being pressured to testify about communism or they would lose their jobs. Pressure for conformity is evident in McCarthy because people were intimidated to testify or they would lose their freedom, or any career they worked hard to achieve. Certainly, pressure for conformity, a symptom of irruption, is evident in both The Crucible and McCarthy.Corrupting can have a huge impact on a society and/or community. It can cause a group of people to act out impulse. Being a part of corrupting can cause a person to become malevolent towards others. Corrupting also creates lack of diversity and individuality in society. People are forced into accepting what is deemed to be right by society, instead of going along with what they believe is correct. If people continuously go along with society is correct, then everyone might be living in a world corrupt environment.

Concepts of Decision Making

Decision making is the most important and critical role that a manager must make as a routine duty. In the employee recruitment several decisions must be made at each stage of the recruitment process.Advertising We will write a custom article sample on Concepts of Decision Making specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Kahneman and Tversky suggest that, â€Å"During decision making the steps to be followed include: identification of opportunities, searching of alternative courses of action, evaluation of the alternatives, choosing from the alternatives and implementation of the chosen course of action† (23). In a given selection process various decisions points have been considered but probably much more were not looked into. First decision to be made is the design of the advertisement that should attract qualified interested candidates for consideration. This decision must also take into account which advertisement channel should be used, that is the media chosen should be one that can reach the targeted and qualified candidates. In the advertisement the job description and any required professional and personality traits must be categorically stated (Kahneman and Tversky 67). Secondly, decisions must also be made as on which type of recruitment would be appropriate; internal or external recruitment method. This decision looks into whether the required skill can be found from among the organisation employees or from outside the organisation. The selection will also depend on the motive of the firm and the cost the organisation is ready to incur in the recruitment process. Kenper and Tregoe, claim that another important decision that must be considered in the staffing processes is the time (34). Time must be of great essence as it will determine when a new employee is to join the organisation. This decision depends on the manpower need as per the organisations activities. During the staffing process some fac tors about the candidates should also be considered. They include: diversity, culture of the applicant, gender together with race. In the selection criteria consideration as to the retention of the hired candidate is factored. Retention needs help to minimise the cost of high employee turnover that may lead to increase of organisations staffing cost. During selection, the decision on references is crucial as it is through this that the candidate’s previous performance and capabilities are determined. This performance must be matched with the job requirement to ensure it is applicable with the job requirement. The right number of personnel requirement has to be looked into. This number is based on the evaluation of the number of vacancies and any other need that may demand further consideration.Advertising Looking for article on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Moreover development decisions integrati on is to be focused. This decision identifies the opportunities for career growth and upward mobility of an employee in the organisation. The decision is determined by the candidate’s ability to learn and improve his skills together with the improvement of actual performance. The human resource department has to come up with the premises for measuring performance and identifying the growth ability in the organisation. Industrial decisions are also a vital factor for making staffing decisions. Since organisations operate in a competitive environment they need to monitor the trend and rapid changes around thus making staffing decisions essential. Organisation has to consider the industry’s remuneration rates and working conditions. This will assist in the design of the contract agreement and condition. Finally, decisions on the posting, orientation and rewards for the employees are made. This decision acquaints the picked candidate with the motivation and knowledge neede d to start executing the organisational mandate. Human resource department has the duty to attract and employ candidates who can improve the efficiency and organisations performance. Work Cited Kahneman, Daniel and Tversky, Amos. Choice, Values, Frames. London: The Cambridge University Press. 2000. Print. Kenper, Charles and Tregoe, Benjamin. The Rational Manager: A Systematic approach to solving and decision making. New York: McGrawl-Hill. 1995. Print. This article on Concepts of Decision Making was written and submitted by user Giovanni Dalton to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

What Is The UAE Law About Taxes Accounting Essay Essays

What Is The UAE Law About Taxes Accounting Essay Essays What Is The UAE Law About Taxes Accounting Essay Essay What Is The UAE Law About Taxes Accounting Essay Essay What is the UAE jurisprudence about revenue enhancements? Are at that place any sectors subjected to revenue enhancements? If yes which sectors? The National Tax of UAE is about holding no existent in the state ; instead the Federal authorities provides an authorization to every Emirate to set up their ain revenue enhancements. No revenue enhancement is levied on the personal income or personal capital additions, Federal Corporate revenue enhancements are besides about negligible, the lone sectors such as oil, gas and petrochemical companies, and residential and commercial renters are levied to pay corporate income revenue enhancement and belongings revenue enhancement severally. No VAT is levied on the services nevertheless service revenue enhancement is indictable on accessing eating houses and hotel services ( Taxes in United Arab Emirates ) . Question 2: Companies making concern in or seeking to set up concern in the UAE have benefits. State five benefits. Answer: Assorted benefits of making concern in UAE are as follows: UAE economic system is really diverse economic system which provides assorted concern options through accessing such economic chances. It is the cardinal point of assorted trade and commercialism centres which provides a huge exposure to the international market. The state has really low revenue enhancements. Effective Technical support through modernisation. Favorable economic, political, concern and legal environment ( Benefits of making Business in UAE ) . Question 3: What is the difference between the following concern entities established in the UAE? Representative and Branch offices Public A ; Private Joint Stock Companies Answer: Representative and Branch Offices: Representative offices are allowed for the limited selling of goods and services holding the foreign patents while the Branch Offices are permitted to set up the foreign concern in UAE so as to bring forth some specific corporate traffics with their patent entities. Public A ; Private Joint Stock Companies: The capital of public joint stock companies is entirely divided into common stock holding equal valley while private joint stock companies can non merchandise their stock publically ( James R. Hagerty, 2008 ) . Question 4: Why is the private sector in GCC to a great extent dependent on migratory workers? States 2 grounds Answer: Private sector in GCC to a great extent dependent on migrators because of following grounds: Public sectors are largely occupied by the occupant citizen and to remain in the state of UAE, aliens should be employed as per the jurisprudence of the state. Thus most of the private sector occupations are occupied by the aliens and migrators. Due to Working Visa jurisprudence of the state, the migrators accepted to work at low rewards so that they have right to remain within the state and therefore private sector in GCC states employ migrators at low rewards ( Baldwin-Edwards, 2012 ) . Question 5: State 3 UAE labor Torahs. Answer: As per the Federal Law No. 8 of 1980 amended by Federal Law Nos21 of 1981, 15 of 1985, and jurisprudence of 1986, following are the portion of UAE Labor Laws: Employment Contract: As per the UAE Labor Law, two types of employment contracts are allowable: Limited employment Contracts holding specific period of completion and Unlimited Employment Contract which complete the employment term of office on the want of either party. Probation Time period: The probation period harmonizing to Labor jurisprudence can non be more than 6 months and during such period employer or employee can end the employment contract. Working hours: The working hours prescribed for an grownup employee is eight hours per twenty-four hours or 48 hours per hebdomad ( Labour Law in UAE ) . Question 6: It is expected more GCC adult females will fall in work force in the hereafter. What sort of challenges will companies confront? Answer: The prospective challenges faced by the companies due the adult females work force are as follows: Talent Management: One of the biggest challenges for the companies due to adult females work force is the direction of gifted pool of employees. They need to implement a comprehensive attack for the enlisting, choice, preparation and development and the keeping of the employees as per the Islamic norms. They have to better the soft and proficient accomplishments of adult females. Trouble in Accessing the Recognition: The female headed concern organisations are non likely to acquire easy loans and recognition from the market due to the deficiency of marketability accomplishments of adult females. Lack of Full Time Workers: Womans in GCC work force are unable to supply their services on the full clip footing. Resistance towards Change: Womans employees are more resisted towards the organisational alterations ( Ramez Shehadi ) . Question 7: Flexible employment has been credited with lending to three chief macroeconomics benefits in the GCC. What are they? Answer: Flexible employment helps in the part of three cardinal macroeconomics advantages in the GCC: Increasing the workeraa‚Â ¬a„?s engagement in direction: Flexible employment helps in the engagement of more and more workers in the employment sector. Decrease the rate of unemployment: Flexible employment includes offering best inducements to the employees which leads to actuating the inactive people to fall in the work force and therefore reduces structural unemployment. Addition in the general concern legerity: It helps in keeping the legerity of the concern by offering them assorted tools to react towards economic rhythms impeccably ( Haddad, 2010 ) . Question 8: When was the rule of corporate administration introduced in the UAE and for what grounds? State 2 grounds. Answer: Initially, The Corporate Governance was regulated under the UAE Commercial Law 1984 which binds national companies merely. In 2007, SCA expand the ordinance of corporate administration to the joint stock companies established in UAE or any other company which is listed in the security market of UAE. Amendment made by the Ministerial Resolution No. 518 of 2009 which established new Code for corporate regulation and subject criterions that comes into action on 30 November 2009. The grounds for debut of the corporate administration in the state are as follows: The planetary Financial Crisis in 2000, awakened the authorities to compel rigorous administration regulations in the companies of the state. To guarantee the greater efficiency and mentoring in both the capital markets of UAE ( Zawawi, 2011 ) . Question 9: There is physiological opposition in GCC to the issue of corporate administration for a figure of grounds. State two grounds. Answer: The physiological ground behind the opposition of GCC towards the corporate administration issue is as follows: The small inducement against the alteration: The opposition towards the corporate administration of GCC was the utmost force per unit area on the traditional concern households of Gulf part that they were non precisely motivated by the regulators to implement the constructions of corporate administration. Absence of the effectual administration theoretical account: One of the grounds behind the opposition of GCC towards the corporate administration is the absence of appropriate administration theoretical account at the degree of authorities deprive assorted private concern organisations to implement it ( Making Good Governance Good Business in the Gulf, 2010 ) . Question 10: What are the benefits GCC companies can deduce from good corporate administration? Answer: The benefits of good corporate administration to GCC companies are as follows: Best use of capital through decrease in overall cost of capital. Effective direction of external market force per unit areas which leads to sustainable development. Proper reconciliation in the fiscal statements consequences in divergence of the shareholderaa‚Â ¬a„?s involvement. Assurance of the sustainability of the company. Effective resolution and direction of administration issues in the company. Accomplishment of augmented operational results. Increase the profitableness and marketability of the company which leads to heighten its trade name image and trade name equity ( Nadgrodkiewicz, 2009 ) . Question 11: How communicating engineerings change the GCC? State 2 benefits. Answer: Communications Technology is basically the emerging sector in the GCC and is revolutionising the society into cognition powered society. Large organisations are besides comprehensive attack towards its use on strategic every bit good as operational facets of the concern. The revolution has brought in for the society with several driving benefits ( a ) High velocity cyberspace connexions, nomadic computer science and web presence across GCC. ( B ) Increased usage of modern-day engineerings such as informations storage, radio and web security ( Murtaza, 2008 ) . Question 12: How much cyberspace users do GCC states have? Which state has the highest cyberspace use? Answer: The GCC states have overall around 4 million cyberspace users and about 2.5 million of desktop users by doing the internet incursion every bit good as Personal computer incursion of 10 % and 8 % severally. These are the corporate figures and separately it has been determined that the UAE and Bahrain have the highest cyberspace use, with female population top in cyberspace usage in GCC. The market expects a steady growing in internet incursion to about 15-20 % in the following twosome of old ages ( GCC Information Society ) . Question 13: UAE follows the International fiscal Coverage criterions ( IFRS ) . What does IFRS intend? Answer: IFRS, International Financial Reporting Standards has brought into execution by the cardinal bank of the UAE with consequence from the twelvemonth 2001. The IFRS has been adopted owing to the broad usage of International Accounting Standards ( IAS ) globally for the intent of keeping histories to Bankss and other fiscal establishments across the universe. IFRS are fundamentally established set of criterions based on regulations for executing specific interventions while fiscal coverage. This is good due to increasing growing if international concern ( What is IFRS? ) . Question 14: Harmonizing to gulf intelligence article why do GCC states need to modify IFRS to an Islamic format? Answer: GCC Countries are ought to modify the format of IFRS with that to an Islamic format in order to follow and purely adhere to different positions of Islamic Financial Accounting. This is due to the fact that several historical grounds and spiritual differences are associated with Islamic format that calls for different demands for accounting in comparing to that of Western accounting systems. And hence this has been implemented with several exclusions and supplementations ( DORE, 2007 ) . Question 15: Harmonizing to Khaleej times, Gulf states to rush up development of the accounting industry and transparence. What is a manner of increasing transparence in the fiscal study? Answer: Among all of the GCC states, UAE has been emerged as a fiscal centre to run into the transparence rankings of other established markets across the Earth. And hence, Emirates Securities and Commodities Authority conducted in-depth scrutiny of companiesaa‚Â ¬a„? fiscal places to accomplish higher transparence. For accomplishment of transparence in such a volatile market, there is a demand for globally accepted accounting criterions for better revelation of fiscal statements for the intent of comparing across markets and industries globally, finally leting investors to take educated determinations ( John, 2009 ) .

The Cost and Reimburstements of Medicare Research Paper

The Cost and Reimburstements of Medicare - Research Paper Example This study focuses on cost and reimbursement of Medicare as well as challenges facing the program. Medicare services can be provided to the beneficiaries either through traditional fee-for-service (FFS) program or private health plans such as Medicare Advantage (Kaiser Family Foundation, 2008). Whereas clients can be served in any hospital and by any doctor under FFS those using Medicare Advantage should be treated by providers in a network or pay extra charges for treatments received from out-of network providers (Mason et al., 2013). The program is available in four parts namely Part A, B, C and D. "Medicare covers Hospital Insurance (part A), Medical Insurance (part B), Prescription Drugs (part C) and Medicare Advantage" (part D) (Kaiser Family Foundation, 2008). Clients who apply for part C receives various benefits offered in other parts. Currently, some people prefer Medicare Advantage because it offers extra services in addition to those provided under FFS. Part A of the Medicare is financed through payroll tax charged on employees and the employers whereby each contributes 1.45% to make a total of 2.9% while for self employed persons they contribute full 2.9% since they are both employees and employers (Mason et al., 2013). Part C and D are financed by premiums contributed by enrollees of the Medicare and revenue from the general fund. Medicare in partnership with local insurance companies pay compensation to claims presented each year by the Medicare beneficiaries (Kaiser Family Foundation, 2008). The Medicare uses various methods to compensate the medical service providers for the services they offer to their clients covered by health insurance. For example, Center for Medicare and Medicaid Services introduced Accounting Care Organization model to harmonize medical service delivery among the service providers by enabling them to coordinate their service delivery to reduce expenses, improve quality and outcome of the

8 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

8 - Assignment Example It is observable that, the objective functions give the following results: The first objective function gives 8 and the second one gives -8. This is an indication that the two objective functions are not equivalent since they give dissimilar optimal values despite application of similar constraint values (Kathleen, 2001). Overhead costs refer to the circuitous (indirect) production costs. They are costs, which are chargeable to a cost unit by estimated basis. Similarly, overhead cost refers to the total cost of indirect materials, indirect labor and indirect expenses (Joel, 2004). The estimating method enables a share of the circuitous costs to be charged to each cost unit. It is notable that these charges are not identifiable specifically to the final product. For instance, these costs are chargeable on production centers, service cost centers and other non-production cost centers. Mr. Smith is right in calculating the marginal profit. It is evident that, he has used marginal costing (Joel, 2004). One of the principles guiding marginal costing rejects absorption of fixed costs into unit costs. In this case, factory overhead is a fixed expense, which cannot be absorbed to the rate per labor hour as Howie’s accountant suggests (Joel, 2004) However, it is notable that, the Howie’s opinion is applicable in absorption costing where fixed expenses are absorbed into unit costs (Joel,

Advantages and Disadvantages of the European Union Research Paper

Advantages and Disadvantages of the European Union - Research Paper Example The discussion will also briefly look at the criteria followed by the states in order to be part of the European Union. Before the World War II took place, the world did not experience common cases of International organizations (alliances) as there are seen today. However, the war served as an eye-opener in that a majority of the states became open for cooperation towards creating these unions. This has largely been attributed to the widespread crisis, both economic and political, that had hit the world following the harrowing war. This prompted the creation of most of the organizations seen today with the European Union being one of them. As a brief history of the European Union, the idea of the alliance was incepted in 1949 and implemented in 1951 when the first founders of the Union came together for the formation of an alliance. The six member nations, Belgium, Germany, France, the Netherlands, Italy, and Luxembourg created what was first referred to as the Council of Europe. Their main objective was to unify the region while also proclaiming peace which was a much-needed necessity following the WWII. Following this was an expansion of the body and consequently, a new name was adopted in 1957- The European Economic Community. As the name suggests, the body was determined to create and facilitate free trade between member states. In the next 50 years, various countries have joined the body and in 1993, the body adopted the name The European Union, which is what it is known today. Currently, the union comprises 27 member states in Europe with the latest members, Bulgaria and Romania having joined the body in 2007 (S ajdik & Schwarzinger, 2008). The European Union is governed by various policies and guidelines that have been formulated over the years in response to various emerging needs in the alliance. Today, the union allows citizens of the member states to move freely within the encompassed

Developing Sustainable Tourism in Malta

Developing Sustainable Tourism in Malta Introduction To understand what an exactly tourism management specialization is and have awareness what I am studying at school I had to first understand what is nowadays tourism and how to manage it. It is important for me that I have good understanding of what I am writing about and what is the area that I should base my project. Let me specify what tourism is and connected to that tourism management in order to continue and narrow down the research problem. Everyone in our lives was tourist at some point, and to define what tourism is can be difficult. Tourism is when people travel no more than one year to different environment for leisure, business or other purpose. Tourism is a dynamic and competitive industry that requires the ability to constantly adapt to customers changing needs and desires, as the customers satisfaction, safety and enjoyment are particularly the focus of tourism businesses. Tourism management is mostly about setting a plan or a solution for problem of course within tourism sector. It is about taking the decision regarding to our aims and resources. Tourism is one of the biggest earning incomes in each of the countries around the world. It is important to manage it well to changing needs mentioned before. Tourism industry include: transport, accommodations, food and beverage, establishments, shops, entertainments and events, activity facilities, and a variety of hospitality service providers who deliver service to individuals or groups traveling away from home. Tourism product is not produced by some organization, specific people or group, or governmental agency; rather, it is defined as â€Å"a satisfying visitor experience.† Tourism definition is about every activity and experience that a tourist meets during his or her entire trip away from home. As this project has to be based on my internship experience that I had in my second semester I want to give a touch of information where I have been and what I did. In year 2010 I had great opportunity to have my work placement in 5 stars Corinthia St. Georges Bay Hotel situated in small but exotic country Malta. I was working in different areas beginning from food beverage, events planning, weddings and finishing at front desk. This time gave me big competence how hotels work, and how hospitality is important. Finally I could implement my knowledge from school in to practice and having a great start for my future career. Destination Malta is a small island situated in the bottom of south Europe, lies in a strategic position, between Europe and North Africa. Lack of natural resources, the strength of Malta, hasalwayslied squarely with its geographic position and the island has a checkered history of foreign rulers from the Phoenicians, Romans, Normans, Arabs, Spanish, Knights of St. John, the French and lastly the British. The island was a great fortress economy, with a 150-year reliance on the British armed forces. Post independence, in 1964, the island sold itself and became manufacturing hub, particularly in the textile and surprising the electronics industry, and bolstering its nascent tourism industry. In the early 1990s, the island became EU membership, and starts developing its services industry and reduces the reliance on the tourism sector. Malta became a member of the European Union on 1 May 2004 and accept the Euro currency on 1 January 2008. In accordance with the accession to the EU, new knowledge-based activities were spawnedsuch as financial services, remote gaming, information and communications technologies, and aviation services increasing the clout of the island state. Well positioned after the international recession, Malta want to stay competitive and attract foreign investment with a variety of professional services, low costs, save and stable investment climate and fiscal advantages. Corinthia St. Georges Bay I would like to give you some of the information about the hotel that I had my internship in. Internationally luxury hotels in such a destinations like: the Czech Republic, Hungary, Libya, Malta, Portugal and Russia. Created by the Pisani family of Malta in the 1960s, the Corinthia brand stands in that proud tradition of Mediterranean hospitality and its signature services communicate the ‘Warm smiles, Inspired Flavours and Pleasant Surprises of its Maltese heritage. All Corinthia hotels feature beautiful conference areas, extensive leisure and business tourist facilities, and are each renowned for their uniqueness of character. Corinthia Hotels portfolio includes two award-winning properties: The CorinthiaHotelBudapest, Hungary winner of Europes ‘Best Hotel Architecture Award and member of ‘The Most Famous Hotels in the World andCorinthia Hotel Prague in the Czech Republic the first hotel ever to win Best Gastronomy Concept in the Czech Republic and a recipient of the ‘5 stars and 6 stripes designation from renowned US reviewer Seven Stars and Stripes. The Corinthia Hotels portfolio also features the elegant Corinthia Palace Hotel and Spa and the splendid Corinthia Hotel St Georges Bay in Malta the one that I have been, The superior five-star CorinthiaHotelTripoli, Libya, the modern Corinthia Hotel Lisbon in Portugal and the renowned CorinthiaHotelSt. Petersburg, Russia. Malta issue In my internship report project I had to find and solve problems, or find some innovation connected with the hotel that I worked in, or area within the tourism industry. One of the problems in hotel was communication. I found out that minimum 75% members of Corinthia St. Georgs Bay hotel who are building service for the customers in fully booked 250 rooms do not speak more than 2 languages. What we can officially read on the main website of the Corinthia St. Georgs Bay hotel is that languages spoken at the hotel are: English, French, German, Spanish, Russian, Italian, Danish, Portuguese, and Romanian. It surprised me the most, because this is not only the problem of communication inside the hotel but also outstanding lack of professionalism which is simply giving customers lies. While taking care about communication problems in a Corinthia St. Georgs Bay I also noticed that motto to all of employees sounds: smile, greed and eye contact. Human communication consists of 93% body language and paralinguistic cues, while only 7% of communication consists of words themselves so it includes exactly hotel motto, which was not used by member staff properly. In conclusion, my internship report was based on solving the communication inside the hotel. This problem didnt occur only in Corinthia St. Georges Bay hotel but also in almost every different hotel around Malta. Weak communication between hotels, bad organization, lack of information for tourists, uncertainty of guests, mistakes that leads to misunderstanding. It gave me big sign that there is a lot of work to do, to implement better strategy to do not lose customers, and develop Malta in such a way that problem of communication will disappear. In such a way that hotels will more cooperate with each other, suppo rt tourism industry when they have the same goals and take care about social benefits. It requires a lot of dedication from citizens and government, so I will try to find the way to make it real. As I am a tourist management student I dont want to solve hotel problem. I would like to find some more challenging issues, so I would like to undertake sustainable Malta development. For that I will use just example of my hotel as one of the many similar amenities around the island to understand what benefits they can have or actions they have to take in order to achieve success. Sustainable development of destinations is about managing the visitor impact on a local destinations economy, social fabric and physical environment in a way which benefits everybody, residents, businesses, landowners and visitors alike, both now and in the future. These principles can be applied to all tourism destinations notably small islands with unique fauna and flora and to all areas and forms of tourism whether niche or mainstream, rural, coastal or urban. The best way of looking at this complicated relationship is through the idea of place shaping or place making, the principle that everything in a place is linked thats why I mentioned about communication problem that appear on the island. This is particularly the case with the complex range of components that make up any visitors unforgettable experience and the best time in Malta. So from small problem this was communication and bad connection, not only in Corinthia St. Georges Bay but around hotels in Malta general, the cooperation is weak, and to make it better the idea is that we need to involve all actors on the island for together cooperation. Group project Malta development and repair the links in the service chain so not only hotels but also citizens, natural environment and economy will have benefits from sustainable development. What exactly sustainable development is and the whole idea behind this words I will explain in later chapter. Before that, I would like to make problem formulation which will be the main road ahead my project. Problem formulation Malta is no longer good competitor in the basic sun and sea package, due to the much extended offers by larger and often newer destinations which could handle higher expectations of visitors. For Malta the basic sea and sun concept was not enough to handle the pressure of other holiday destinations and could not stand its own ground. It was clear therefore that what had basically fuelled the growth of the Maltese industry in the last decades could no longer sustain the growth and development of the industry. Malta therefore had to think creatively and to innovate in order to rejuvenate the Malta tourism offer. Having in mind that Malta situation is bad and to make it better, I tried to create the cooperation of all actors on the island with sustainable destination development to beat the competition and rejuvenate nowadays position, but at the same point keeping the safety of natural environment which will be supported by local community and group working of Malta services. In order to do that I came up with problem formulation which will help me to solve or particularly give an idea how Malta could stand up again. In conclusion, this report is going to be based on solving the following problem formulation: How sustainable destination development of Malta can interconnect all social area and tourism industry, in order to innovate unique experience on the island, and rejuvenate the Malta tourism offer, without destroying the natural environment? In order to help me to solve this main problem, I think that is going to be really helpful if I consider some sub questions in this project. What is sustainable development? How we can connect social area together with tourism industry if its possible? Why Malta need rejuvenation? How to protect the nature ? To help me answer these sub questions I will use different types of models and theory. Relevant sources of information and critically chosen secondary data. The way I will structure my project and get better understanding of my vision you can see in methodology part. Therefore a major fraction of secondary data includes carefully chosen web-pages and provided academic papers, such as specialization books. Methodology Following this introduction, the dependence of SIDS on tourism is briefly described. Section 3 assesses the economic impact of tourism on the Maltese economy, while section 4 deals with environmental impact of tourism on the same islands. Some preemptive and corrective measures for the promotion of sustainable tourism are suggested in section 5. Section 6 concludes the paper with the optimistic note that tourism itself is sharpening our awareness of the evils of environmental degradation, and this could be conducive towards the adoption of sustainable tourism policies and measures. Sustainable tourism Sustainable tourism is very often considered as keeping the balance between economy and environment concerns. It is clear that economic activity has an impact on the environment and that this has feedback effect on the economy itself. This is especially true in the case of tourism, which makes use of environmental resources. This is especially true in the case of tourism, which makes use of environmental resources. Tourism depends on good looking and well kept surrounding environment which is pleasant and attractive to tourists, and negative environmental impacts caused by tourism itself, could destroy the image of the tourism destination in the long run. Sustainable tourism may be regarded as developed and managed tourism that remains viable in the long run and does not degrade the environment in which it exists to such an extent that it prohibits the successful development of other activities. This project deals with the issue for small island states in the developing country (SIDS), Malta. In many small developing island degradation of natural environment caused by tourism is commonplace. However, many SIDS may not be a form of ongoing activities to other, more environmentally friendly actions that are not associated with serious economic difficulties. The paper therefore takes in to consideration preemptive and corrective measures to find solution between the bad sides of environmental degradation and the benefits of economic growth and development. Sustainable tourism development does not only protect the environment it shows us the proper consideration of host peoples, communities, cultures, customs, lifestyles, and social and economic systems. It is tourism that can give benefits to those who are on the target site, and that does not destroy and degrade the milieu in which they live and from which they must earn a living after the last tourist has flown back home. It is tourism that renovate the material life of local communities, without the loss of traditional employment systems, acculturation or social disruption. Thus tourism is brought within the debate on sustainable development in general. Sustainable tourism development takes into consideration three main points: The necessary interactions between the environment and economy Long-term time scale. Inter nad intra-generational equity ensuring the needs of modern society without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. From my own observations, sustainable tourism, as described above is new idea, and it is important to fully understand it in the tourism industry, as the concept and its consequences. Many people still define sustainable tourism mainly with tourism growth. Sustainable tourism development seems to be one of the main priorities of the current tourism policies. It is not only a goal to bring the number of visitors or build the required number of hotels and destinations. Quality versus quantity is still a painful decision and compromise in the tourism industry goes usually with words more and bigger is best. Promoting Malta as an experience Malta had to base its product on something different from the basic availability of sun and beautiful sea which will always feature in their offers. History of Malta became very interesting due to the all Mediterranean happenings that had influence on Maltase culture background. Malta in fact has the oldest freestanding man-made structures, older that pyramids in Egypt, made in stone in the world and can pride itself on 23 known pre-historic temple sites as well as a whole chain of other structures, remains and buildings. The Maltese have a mixed cultural profile with an Arab based language. Malta is located exactly in the middle of the Mediterranean Sea and is an island that has influence from east and west. Malta has also the uniqueness of having two official languages Maltese and English. Malta also features in the Acts of the Apostles as an island that was converted to Christianity in AD 60 which is documented in the said Acts of the Apostles. Malta therefore could claim to have a variety of unique features that together could create a special value offer that could lead to a whole series of specific products that can attract to different segments of the market as well as to specific niche markets that are looking for something specific to do in visiting a particular destination. Malta is not a big island and it is important that visitors will not only rise the number of guests in hotel but also frequenting the whole Malta attractions. In fact visitors will feel as part of the local culture and taste the local life where the population becomes on of the elements in experience product. This is synonymous to saying that visiting the destination amounts to an exposure that is much broader than the limited interest that one might have started with in choosing Malta for a destination. Therefore, we should not promote Malta as a destination but we should start promoting it as an experience. This implies that the value provided t o the visitor derives from the experience and not just from the services consumed. Promoting Malta as an experience creates opportunity to competitive with other tourism destinations and attracts different market segments. Before Malta can be an unforgettable experience it requires lot of changes in development and society area. To change the way Malta is received by tourists, we need to look on Malta situation over the years, and have in mind that if something goes wrong, we can lose Malta clients once again as this had Maltese tourism statistics This table shows number of tourists visiting Malta till 1999 year. In this table we can clearly see that Malta over 40 years has become a very popular tourism destination and from year to year the number of tourist has been increased very quickly. In 1999, the number of visitors to Malta amounted to 1,214,230 of which about 85 percent were stay over tourists and the remaining percentages were cruise passengers. The amount of incoming visitors has increased rapidly between 1960 and 1980, as can be seen in Table 1. There was a relatively large decrease in tourist inflows between 1980 and 1985, but the numbers picked up rapidly again during the last half of the eighties and the nineties. Densities The number of tourists staying on the island becomes even three times more than population and makes big density on the island which can be roughly translated into 30 thousand tourist staying for a whole year, given that on average, each tourist stayed in Malta for about 9.1 nights. This is equivalent to about 8% of the population, and, as expected such high densities exert heavy pressure on the environment and infrastructure of the Maltese Islands, where population density is already extremely high, with about 1200 persons per square kilometre. Visitors nationality The most important market for Malta tourism is Great Britain that set up the number of 34 % of all visitors. The second largest market is Germany, which contributed some 17% of tourists to Malta in recent years. Also a major tourism market to Malta was Italy, France, North Africa and the Netherlands. In recent years there was a tendency for the percentage of British tourists to decrease. At present there is an attempt to attract more tourists from North America. Socio-economic background To get a great holiday in Malta, unfortunately we have to spend large sums of money. National Tourism Organisation pointed out that the prices of attractions are too high and decrease the motivation of tourists that wants to visit Malta. They also showed that prices of tour operators offer are lot more expensive compared to similar countries such as Greece and Spain. Due to this fact the decreasing number of tourists coming to Malta has been noticed, just because tourists cannot afford it. National tourism organisation surveys results for the British market indicate that a large proportion of Summer tourists (51% in 1993) were managers, directors or belong to the well paid professions. It would appear therefore that Maltas tourists are not typically low income earners. Seasonal Pattern Malta tourism is very seasonal, the majority of inbound tourists arriving in the May to October period in 1999, reached about 82 % of tourists arrived during these months, including 46% arrived during the shoulder months and 36% during the summer months (July to September). The remaining 18% arrived during the November to Jan period (the Winter months). This of course means that the problem of tourist density in summer is even worse. Maltese tourism authorities are trying to attract tourists to Malta during the winter, even if they success there will be no reduction during the winter. Average Duration of Stay In recent years, the average stay per tourist was about 9.4 in 1995 to about 9.1 nights in autumn 1999. It was about 13 days in the seventies and has fallen to 12 nights in the eighties. The overall average length of stay concealed significant differences between groups of tourists. Tourists, who are usually in a 3-star hotels and resorts, stay longer than other categories of hotels for accommodation. The shortest stays pertain to tourists in 5 star hotels so also Corinthia St. Georges Bay which has really big prices and are mainly focused on higher class of community at the same time keeping the low experience in the hotel and basic their luxury only on amenities as service failed due to the clients expectations.. Tourist Accommodation The number of tourist establishments in 1999 was 246 it is a big number including hotels, restaurants and amenities around the island with 40191 tourists. Tourists usually choose 3-star (51 hotels) and 4-star (34 hotels) category, with a share of about 77 percent of the total available hotel beds. Middle class could afford it and these kind of hotels had the biggest income. Five star hotels accommodation accounted for only 14 percent, really low number of total hotel beds. However government focused on building more 4 and 5 stars hotel to attract and change the offer of luxury hotels to increase the low percentage in these accommodations. In 1999 the average annual occupancy rate in all establishments was around 58 percent. As is the case with the length of stay, the overall occupancy average conceals considerable variation between different types of accommodation and different seasons. In 1999, the highest occupancy rates were for 4 star hotels (with 80%). while the lowest were for 1 star hotel with 14%. In the summer months occupancy rates tend to be almost twice as high as they are in the winter months, and in August of that year they overall average might have exceeded 90%. Actually I could see this during my internship and compare what kind of people visit 5 stars hotel and what their expectation of holidays are focused on and I would say that around 50% of guests were not satisfied. Economic Contribution The direct contribution of tourism to the economy can be measured in terms of its contributions to GDP, to the balance of payments and to gainful employment. In recent years, tourists are spending directly contributed about 15% of the gross domestic product Malta and 25% of the proceeds of foreign currency for goods and services. Malta is a multiple analysis of tourism, tourism seems to indicate the costs are usually higher leverage, where the majority of exports, due to tourism-related value-added production is relatively high. Tourism also contributed to the national economy through international transportation, as the large number of tourists of the domestic airline Air Malta used in regular and charter flights to car rentals. In recent years, transportation costs, which is related to tourism, about 5 percent of foreign exchange inflows from exports of goods and services. There are no statistics on the full contribution of tourism to employment in Malta published. As already mentioned, it is not easy to determine, as the contribution of tourism expenditure creates jobs in nearly all sectors of the economy. However, it is known that in 1999, the hotel industry, which agreed in Malta almost exclusively on the development of international tourism, about 9,000 jobs, which represents 6 percent of the total economically active population. This, of course, does not represent all the jobs generated by tourism. LldMB the total amount will be 21000, provided that the employment generated by tourism as the ratio of total employment in the important contribution of tourist expenditure (including transport) to GDP. 6. At present, tourism does not contribute as much as the production of the Maltese economy, in terms of income and employment..However, the economic contribution of tourism is growing while that of ¸ manufacturing is declining, and it is quite possible that within a decade the share of GDP originating from tourism will overtake that originati ng from manufacturing. Unfortunately, the Malta Tourism Authority to us sometimes resembles the planning office in the old Soviet bureauracy. Good in production statistics to better identify problems and what the future will bring, but something is not bleak, as the targets set by them. Holidays in Malta and tourism is an important source of employment in Malta, and perhaps, with an unemployment rate above 8 per cent drop in tourists no long-term threat to the economy of the island magic. With official figures showing worrying signs that the number of tourists visiting Malta in 2006 are similar, perhaps even down from 2005 may be an opportunity for island flights operating system from the United Kingdom seems to have dropped all the important summer season. Holidays in Malta and tourism is an important source of employment in Malta, and perhaps, with an unemployment rate above 8 per cent drop in tourists no long-term threat to the economy of the island magic. Malta development To take a closer look on Malta situation, the most suit model of destination development is Butler model. The aim of this model is look at destination how they develop and grow. Tourism industry is very dynamic as any other and can change rapidly. Therefore, the Butler Model is a way of studying tourist resorts to see how they change to current demands and trends to stay on the market. These changes can then be compared to the predictions as shown on the model. We can see the similarity of what was happening in Malta when the destination was becoming popular and had more visitors each year. Malta popularity was growing and as a tourism destination achieved success. The problem appears now when Malta has stagnation time, and has to take some actions in order to rejuvenate and stop decline process. Unfortunately what Butlers model is missing is being more specific and shows to low outside factors that can also have influence on a destination. But from the latest news that was stated on official Malta webpage what we can read is: Unfortunately the Malta Tourist Authority to us sometimes resembles a planning office in the old Soviet bureauracy. Good at producing statistics, excellent at identify problems and what the future needs, but failing miserably to deliver anything like the targets they set. Holidays in Malta and the related tourist sector are a major source of employment in Malta, and with unemployment running at over 8 per cent any fall in tourists could spell long term damage to the islands economy. With official figures showing worrying signs that the number of tourists for 2006 visiting Malta could be similar, or perhaps even down from 2005, the opportunity for the island to have low cost flights operating from the UK appears to have slipped by for the all important summer season. Holidays in Malta and the related tourist sector are a major source of employment in Malta, and with unemployment running at over 8 per cent any fall in tourists could spell long term damage to the islands economy. Destination development as a plan not only refreshes the tourism offer but has to convince that the whole product needs to be supported by any other operators. Specially this process connects and creates a bound with the stakeholders. Both local suppliers, as well as international distributors in the market will have benefits if they will stay behind the plan. This is being achieved in some way but this process is long and is not completed yet. The change also needs to convince local community to act as a Malta product and help in order to achieve together goals. The problem is that the local community is the host and the tourist is the guest and the communication and service between them needs to be open to spread the experience and genuine hospitality. The public authorities are being integrated in this process. It is good that actions has been taken to warn the local by Malta Tourism Authority since 2000 and regular meetings are organized with the public authorities, both local and central. This process has to be refreshed each time to ensure and remind how support from partners is important. The distribution element is very significant. The good point is that Malta tourism operators are much more aware of what they could offer and more responsive comparing to traditional tour operators. The government has the idea that they could not only serve usually offers to visitors but could focus on experience of Malta which can be shown in different manner and can be associated at the same time. Malta has developed a Web site that is very popular and easy to use for each of the guests. Currently www.visitmalta.com is visited by 4 000 persons per day, who on average download ten pages each. Also a corporate Web site has been I am sure that this is big process of innovation. Malta need to forget about old style tourism product and change the way of distribution, refresh the offer and change the position on the market. However, tourism is a service that people creates when they travel to get the service that they pay for. Social dimension is very important if Malta want to turn its product to unique experience. Not only are people involved as suppliers and as clients but the whole social aura actually provides the context within which the product can be designed and the delivery determined. The soft element of the infrastructure is therefore of absolute importance. The process was started in 1999 but it is still very much in progress. Malta is currently facing a problem of a misunderstanding between what government manages to promote and what they manage to deliver. Clearly this innovative process is not deep enough and the social dimension of new strategy has not yet been fully understood. Malta should tr y to obtain as much help among the various stakeholders in the tourism industry. The Government of Malta is providing leadership by developing the strategy. A main purpose is to find the way to engage in as much education and motivation as possible to have guaranteed that this innovative process and the management of change required does take root. The challenge is great but the change is necessary. Small islands states and tourism It is known that small islands states are much more depend on tourism more than larger countries do. The reason for this could be that when we compare two different states, small islands economy has much more tourism-related activities than others. Islands like Malta are trying to expand export markets in sells, but it is not successful as these countries wish to be. Looking from different perspective, the natural environment including unique climate and landscapes of Malta gives some advantages in tourism activities. Because of this reason, government set up tourism as priority, and tries to get as much as they can from Malta potential by taking care of the most for them industry. Go Developing Sustainable Tourism in Malta Developing Sustainable Tourism in Malta Introduction To understand what an exactly tourism management specialization is and have awareness what I am studying at school I had to first understand what is nowadays tourism and how to manage it. It is important for me that I have good understanding of what I am writing about and what is the area that I should base my project. Let me specify what tourism is and connected to that tourism management in order to continue and narrow down the research problem. Everyone in our lives was tourist at some point, and to define what tourism is can be difficult. Tourism is when people travel no more than one year to different environment for leisure, business or other purpose. Tourism is a dynamic and competitive industry that requires the ability to constantly adapt to customers changing needs and desires, as the customers satisfaction, safety and enjoyment are particularly the focus of tourism businesses. Tourism management is mostly about setting a plan or a solution for problem of course within tourism sector. It is about taking the decision regarding to our aims and resources. Tourism is one of the biggest earning incomes in each of the countries around the world. It is important to manage it well to changing needs mentioned before. Tourism industry include: transport, accommodations, food and beverage, establishments, shops, entertainments and events, activity facilities, and a variety of hospitality service providers who deliver service to individuals or groups traveling away from home. Tourism product is not produced by some organization, specific people or group, or governmental agency; rather, it is defined as â€Å"a satisfying visitor experience.† Tourism definition is about every activity and experience that a tourist meets during his or her entire trip away from home. As this project has to be based on my internship experience that I had in my second semester I want to give a touch of information where I have been and what I did. In year 2010 I had great opportunity to have my work placement in 5 stars Corinthia St. Georges Bay Hotel situated in small but exotic country Malta. I was working in different areas beginning from food beverage, events planning, weddings and finishing at front desk. This time gave me big competence how hotels work, and how hospitality is important. Finally I could implement my knowledge from school in to practice and having a great start for my future career. Destination Malta is a small island situated in the bottom of south Europe, lies in a strategic position, between Europe and North Africa. Lack of natural resources, the strength of Malta, hasalwayslied squarely with its geographic position and the island has a checkered history of foreign rulers from the Phoenicians, Romans, Normans, Arabs, Spanish, Knights of St. John, the French and lastly the British. The island was a great fortress economy, with a 150-year reliance on the British armed forces. Post independence, in 1964, the island sold itself and became manufacturing hub, particularly in the textile and surprising the electronics industry, and bolstering its nascent tourism industry. In the early 1990s, the island became EU membership, and starts developing its services industry and reduces the reliance on the tourism sector. Malta became a member of the European Union on 1 May 2004 and accept the Euro currency on 1 January 2008. In accordance with the accession to the EU, new knowledge-based activities were spawnedsuch as financial services, remote gaming, information and communications technologies, and aviation services increasing the clout of the island state. Well positioned after the international recession, Malta want to stay competitive and attract foreign investment with a variety of professional services, low costs, save and stable investment climate and fiscal advantages. Corinthia St. Georges Bay I would like to give you some of the information about the hotel that I had my internship in. Internationally luxury hotels in such a destinations like: the Czech Republic, Hungary, Libya, Malta, Portugal and Russia. Created by the Pisani family of Malta in the 1960s, the Corinthia brand stands in that proud tradition of Mediterranean hospitality and its signature services communicate the ‘Warm smiles, Inspired Flavours and Pleasant Surprises of its Maltese heritage. All Corinthia hotels feature beautiful conference areas, extensive leisure and business tourist facilities, and are each renowned for their uniqueness of character. Corinthia Hotels portfolio includes two award-winning properties: The CorinthiaHotelBudapest, Hungary winner of Europes ‘Best Hotel Architecture Award and member of ‘The Most Famous Hotels in the World andCorinthia Hotel Prague in the Czech Republic the first hotel ever to win Best Gastronomy Concept in the Czech Republic and a recipient of the ‘5 stars and 6 stripes designation from renowned US reviewer Seven Stars and Stripes. The Corinthia Hotels portfolio also features the elegant Corinthia Palace Hotel and Spa and the splendid Corinthia Hotel St Georges Bay in Malta the one that I have been, The superior five-star CorinthiaHotelTripoli, Libya, the modern Corinthia Hotel Lisbon in Portugal and the renowned CorinthiaHotelSt. Petersburg, Russia. Malta issue In my internship report project I had to find and solve problems, or find some innovation connected with the hotel that I worked in, or area within the tourism industry. One of the problems in hotel was communication. I found out that minimum 75% members of Corinthia St. Georgs Bay hotel who are building service for the customers in fully booked 250 rooms do not speak more than 2 languages. What we can officially read on the main website of the Corinthia St. Georgs Bay hotel is that languages spoken at the hotel are: English, French, German, Spanish, Russian, Italian, Danish, Portuguese, and Romanian. It surprised me the most, because this is not only the problem of communication inside the hotel but also outstanding lack of professionalism which is simply giving customers lies. While taking care about communication problems in a Corinthia St. Georgs Bay I also noticed that motto to all of employees sounds: smile, greed and eye contact. Human communication consists of 93% body language and paralinguistic cues, while only 7% of communication consists of words themselves so it includes exactly hotel motto, which was not used by member staff properly. In conclusion, my internship report was based on solving the communication inside the hotel. This problem didnt occur only in Corinthia St. Georges Bay hotel but also in almost every different hotel around Malta. Weak communication between hotels, bad organization, lack of information for tourists, uncertainty of guests, mistakes that leads to misunderstanding. It gave me big sign that there is a lot of work to do, to implement better strategy to do not lose customers, and develop Malta in such a way that problem of communication will disappear. In such a way that hotels will more cooperate with each other, suppo rt tourism industry when they have the same goals and take care about social benefits. It requires a lot of dedication from citizens and government, so I will try to find the way to make it real. As I am a tourist management student I dont want to solve hotel problem. I would like to find some more challenging issues, so I would like to undertake sustainable Malta development. For that I will use just example of my hotel as one of the many similar amenities around the island to understand what benefits they can have or actions they have to take in order to achieve success. Sustainable development of destinations is about managing the visitor impact on a local destinations economy, social fabric and physical environment in a way which benefits everybody, residents, businesses, landowners and visitors alike, both now and in the future. These principles can be applied to all tourism destinations notably small islands with unique fauna and flora and to all areas and forms of tourism whether niche or mainstream, rural, coastal or urban. The best way of looking at this complicated relationship is through the idea of place shaping or place making, the principle that everything in a place is linked thats why I mentioned about communication problem that appear on the island. This is particularly the case with the complex range of components that make up any visitors unforgettable experience and the best time in Malta. So from small problem this was communication and bad connection, not only in Corinthia St. Georges Bay but around hotels in Malta general, the cooperation is weak, and to make it better the idea is that we need to involve all actors on the island for together cooperation. Group project Malta development and repair the links in the service chain so not only hotels but also citizens, natural environment and economy will have benefits from sustainable development. What exactly sustainable development is and the whole idea behind this words I will explain in later chapter. Before that, I would like to make problem formulation which will be the main road ahead my project. Problem formulation Malta is no longer good competitor in the basic sun and sea package, due to the much extended offers by larger and often newer destinations which could handle higher expectations of visitors. For Malta the basic sea and sun concept was not enough to handle the pressure of other holiday destinations and could not stand its own ground. It was clear therefore that what had basically fuelled the growth of the Maltese industry in the last decades could no longer sustain the growth and development of the industry. Malta therefore had to think creatively and to innovate in order to rejuvenate the Malta tourism offer. Having in mind that Malta situation is bad and to make it better, I tried to create the cooperation of all actors on the island with sustainable destination development to beat the competition and rejuvenate nowadays position, but at the same point keeping the safety of natural environment which will be supported by local community and group working of Malta services. In order to do that I came up with problem formulation which will help me to solve or particularly give an idea how Malta could stand up again. In conclusion, this report is going to be based on solving the following problem formulation: How sustainable destination development of Malta can interconnect all social area and tourism industry, in order to innovate unique experience on the island, and rejuvenate the Malta tourism offer, without destroying the natural environment? In order to help me to solve this main problem, I think that is going to be really helpful if I consider some sub questions in this project. What is sustainable development? How we can connect social area together with tourism industry if its possible? Why Malta need rejuvenation? How to protect the nature ? To help me answer these sub questions I will use different types of models and theory. Relevant sources of information and critically chosen secondary data. The way I will structure my project and get better understanding of my vision you can see in methodology part. Therefore a major fraction of secondary data includes carefully chosen web-pages and provided academic papers, such as specialization books. Methodology Following this introduction, the dependence of SIDS on tourism is briefly described. Section 3 assesses the economic impact of tourism on the Maltese economy, while section 4 deals with environmental impact of tourism on the same islands. Some preemptive and corrective measures for the promotion of sustainable tourism are suggested in section 5. Section 6 concludes the paper with the optimistic note that tourism itself is sharpening our awareness of the evils of environmental degradation, and this could be conducive towards the adoption of sustainable tourism policies and measures. Sustainable tourism Sustainable tourism is very often considered as keeping the balance between economy and environment concerns. It is clear that economic activity has an impact on the environment and that this has feedback effect on the economy itself. This is especially true in the case of tourism, which makes use of environmental resources. This is especially true in the case of tourism, which makes use of environmental resources. Tourism depends on good looking and well kept surrounding environment which is pleasant and attractive to tourists, and negative environmental impacts caused by tourism itself, could destroy the image of the tourism destination in the long run. Sustainable tourism may be regarded as developed and managed tourism that remains viable in the long run and does not degrade the environment in which it exists to such an extent that it prohibits the successful development of other activities. This project deals with the issue for small island states in the developing country (SIDS), Malta. In many small developing island degradation of natural environment caused by tourism is commonplace. However, many SIDS may not be a form of ongoing activities to other, more environmentally friendly actions that are not associated with serious economic difficulties. The paper therefore takes in to consideration preemptive and corrective measures to find solution between the bad sides of environmental degradation and the benefits of economic growth and development. Sustainable tourism development does not only protect the environment it shows us the proper consideration of host peoples, communities, cultures, customs, lifestyles, and social and economic systems. It is tourism that can give benefits to those who are on the target site, and that does not destroy and degrade the milieu in which they live and from which they must earn a living after the last tourist has flown back home. It is tourism that renovate the material life of local communities, without the loss of traditional employment systems, acculturation or social disruption. Thus tourism is brought within the debate on sustainable development in general. Sustainable tourism development takes into consideration three main points: The necessary interactions between the environment and economy Long-term time scale. Inter nad intra-generational equity ensuring the needs of modern society without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. From my own observations, sustainable tourism, as described above is new idea, and it is important to fully understand it in the tourism industry, as the concept and its consequences. Many people still define sustainable tourism mainly with tourism growth. Sustainable tourism development seems to be one of the main priorities of the current tourism policies. It is not only a goal to bring the number of visitors or build the required number of hotels and destinations. Quality versus quantity is still a painful decision and compromise in the tourism industry goes usually with words more and bigger is best. Promoting Malta as an experience Malta had to base its product on something different from the basic availability of sun and beautiful sea which will always feature in their offers. History of Malta became very interesting due to the all Mediterranean happenings that had influence on Maltase culture background. Malta in fact has the oldest freestanding man-made structures, older that pyramids in Egypt, made in stone in the world and can pride itself on 23 known pre-historic temple sites as well as a whole chain of other structures, remains and buildings. The Maltese have a mixed cultural profile with an Arab based language. Malta is located exactly in the middle of the Mediterranean Sea and is an island that has influence from east and west. Malta has also the uniqueness of having two official languages Maltese and English. Malta also features in the Acts of the Apostles as an island that was converted to Christianity in AD 60 which is documented in the said Acts of the Apostles. Malta therefore could claim to have a variety of unique features that together could create a special value offer that could lead to a whole series of specific products that can attract to different segments of the market as well as to specific niche markets that are looking for something specific to do in visiting a particular destination. Malta is not a big island and it is important that visitors will not only rise the number of guests in hotel but also frequenting the whole Malta attractions. In fact visitors will feel as part of the local culture and taste the local life where the population becomes on of the elements in experience product. This is synonymous to saying that visiting the destination amounts to an exposure that is much broader than the limited interest that one might have started with in choosing Malta for a destination. Therefore, we should not promote Malta as a destination but we should start promoting it as an experience. This implies that the value provided t o the visitor derives from the experience and not just from the services consumed. Promoting Malta as an experience creates opportunity to competitive with other tourism destinations and attracts different market segments. Before Malta can be an unforgettable experience it requires lot of changes in development and society area. To change the way Malta is received by tourists, we need to look on Malta situation over the years, and have in mind that if something goes wrong, we can lose Malta clients once again as this had Maltese tourism statistics This table shows number of tourists visiting Malta till 1999 year. In this table we can clearly see that Malta over 40 years has become a very popular tourism destination and from year to year the number of tourist has been increased very quickly. In 1999, the number of visitors to Malta amounted to 1,214,230 of which about 85 percent were stay over tourists and the remaining percentages were cruise passengers. The amount of incoming visitors has increased rapidly between 1960 and 1980, as can be seen in Table 1. There was a relatively large decrease in tourist inflows between 1980 and 1985, but the numbers picked up rapidly again during the last half of the eighties and the nineties. Densities The number of tourists staying on the island becomes even three times more than population and makes big density on the island which can be roughly translated into 30 thousand tourist staying for a whole year, given that on average, each tourist stayed in Malta for about 9.1 nights. This is equivalent to about 8% of the population, and, as expected such high densities exert heavy pressure on the environment and infrastructure of the Maltese Islands, where population density is already extremely high, with about 1200 persons per square kilometre. Visitors nationality The most important market for Malta tourism is Great Britain that set up the number of 34 % of all visitors. The second largest market is Germany, which contributed some 17% of tourists to Malta in recent years. Also a major tourism market to Malta was Italy, France, North Africa and the Netherlands. In recent years there was a tendency for the percentage of British tourists to decrease. At present there is an attempt to attract more tourists from North America. Socio-economic background To get a great holiday in Malta, unfortunately we have to spend large sums of money. National Tourism Organisation pointed out that the prices of attractions are too high and decrease the motivation of tourists that wants to visit Malta. They also showed that prices of tour operators offer are lot more expensive compared to similar countries such as Greece and Spain. Due to this fact the decreasing number of tourists coming to Malta has been noticed, just because tourists cannot afford it. National tourism organisation surveys results for the British market indicate that a large proportion of Summer tourists (51% in 1993) were managers, directors or belong to the well paid professions. It would appear therefore that Maltas tourists are not typically low income earners. Seasonal Pattern Malta tourism is very seasonal, the majority of inbound tourists arriving in the May to October period in 1999, reached about 82 % of tourists arrived during these months, including 46% arrived during the shoulder months and 36% during the summer months (July to September). The remaining 18% arrived during the November to Jan period (the Winter months). This of course means that the problem of tourist density in summer is even worse. Maltese tourism authorities are trying to attract tourists to Malta during the winter, even if they success there will be no reduction during the winter. Average Duration of Stay In recent years, the average stay per tourist was about 9.4 in 1995 to about 9.1 nights in autumn 1999. It was about 13 days in the seventies and has fallen to 12 nights in the eighties. The overall average length of stay concealed significant differences between groups of tourists. Tourists, who are usually in a 3-star hotels and resorts, stay longer than other categories of hotels for accommodation. The shortest stays pertain to tourists in 5 star hotels so also Corinthia St. Georges Bay which has really big prices and are mainly focused on higher class of community at the same time keeping the low experience in the hotel and basic their luxury only on amenities as service failed due to the clients expectations.. Tourist Accommodation The number of tourist establishments in 1999 was 246 it is a big number including hotels, restaurants and amenities around the island with 40191 tourists. Tourists usually choose 3-star (51 hotels) and 4-star (34 hotels) category, with a share of about 77 percent of the total available hotel beds. Middle class could afford it and these kind of hotels had the biggest income. Five star hotels accommodation accounted for only 14 percent, really low number of total hotel beds. However government focused on building more 4 and 5 stars hotel to attract and change the offer of luxury hotels to increase the low percentage in these accommodations. In 1999 the average annual occupancy rate in all establishments was around 58 percent. As is the case with the length of stay, the overall occupancy average conceals considerable variation between different types of accommodation and different seasons. In 1999, the highest occupancy rates were for 4 star hotels (with 80%). while the lowest were for 1 star hotel with 14%. In the summer months occupancy rates tend to be almost twice as high as they are in the winter months, and in August of that year they overall average might have exceeded 90%. Actually I could see this during my internship and compare what kind of people visit 5 stars hotel and what their expectation of holidays are focused on and I would say that around 50% of guests were not satisfied. Economic Contribution The direct contribution of tourism to the economy can be measured in terms of its contributions to GDP, to the balance of payments and to gainful employment. In recent years, tourists are spending directly contributed about 15% of the gross domestic product Malta and 25% of the proceeds of foreign currency for goods and services. Malta is a multiple analysis of tourism, tourism seems to indicate the costs are usually higher leverage, where the majority of exports, due to tourism-related value-added production is relatively high. Tourism also contributed to the national economy through international transportation, as the large number of tourists of the domestic airline Air Malta used in regular and charter flights to car rentals. In recent years, transportation costs, which is related to tourism, about 5 percent of foreign exchange inflows from exports of goods and services. There are no statistics on the full contribution of tourism to employment in Malta published. As already mentioned, it is not easy to determine, as the contribution of tourism expenditure creates jobs in nearly all sectors of the economy. However, it is known that in 1999, the hotel industry, which agreed in Malta almost exclusively on the development of international tourism, about 9,000 jobs, which represents 6 percent of the total economically active population. This, of course, does not represent all the jobs generated by tourism. LldMB the total amount will be 21000, provided that the employment generated by tourism as the ratio of total employment in the important contribution of tourist expenditure (including transport) to GDP. 6. At present, tourism does not contribute as much as the production of the Maltese economy, in terms of income and employment..However, the economic contribution of tourism is growing while that of ¸ manufacturing is declining, and it is quite possible that within a decade the share of GDP originating from tourism will overtake that originati ng from manufacturing. Unfortunately, the Malta Tourism Authority to us sometimes resembles the planning office in the old Soviet bureauracy. Good in production statistics to better identify problems and what the future will bring, but something is not bleak, as the targets set by them. Holidays in Malta and tourism is an important source of employment in Malta, and perhaps, with an unemployment rate above 8 per cent drop in tourists no long-term threat to the economy of the island magic. With official figures showing worrying signs that the number of tourists visiting Malta in 2006 are similar, perhaps even down from 2005 may be an opportunity for island flights operating system from the United Kingdom seems to have dropped all the important summer season. Holidays in Malta and tourism is an important source of employment in Malta, and perhaps, with an unemployment rate above 8 per cent drop in tourists no long-term threat to the economy of the island magic. Malta development To take a closer look on Malta situation, the most suit model of destination development is Butler model. The aim of this model is look at destination how they develop and grow. Tourism industry is very dynamic as any other and can change rapidly. Therefore, the Butler Model is a way of studying tourist resorts to see how they change to current demands and trends to stay on the market. These changes can then be compared to the predictions as shown on the model. We can see the similarity of what was happening in Malta when the destination was becoming popular and had more visitors each year. Malta popularity was growing and as a tourism destination achieved success. The problem appears now when Malta has stagnation time, and has to take some actions in order to rejuvenate and stop decline process. Unfortunately what Butlers model is missing is being more specific and shows to low outside factors that can also have influence on a destination. But from the latest news that was stated on official Malta webpage what we can read is: Unfortunately the Malta Tourist Authority to us sometimes resembles a planning office in the old Soviet bureauracy. Good at producing statistics, excellent at identify problems and what the future needs, but failing miserably to deliver anything like the targets they set. Holidays in Malta and the related tourist sector are a major source of employment in Malta, and with unemployment running at over 8 per cent any fall in tourists could spell long term damage to the islands economy. With official figures showing worrying signs that the number of tourists for 2006 visiting Malta could be similar, or perhaps even down from 2005, the opportunity for the island to have low cost flights operating from the UK appears to have slipped by for the all important summer season. Holidays in Malta and the related tourist sector are a major source of employment in Malta, and with unemployment running at over 8 per cent any fall in tourists could spell long term damage to the islands economy. Destination development as a plan not only refreshes the tourism offer but has to convince that the whole product needs to be supported by any other operators. Specially this process connects and creates a bound with the stakeholders. Both local suppliers, as well as international distributors in the market will have benefits if they will stay behind the plan. This is being achieved in some way but this process is long and is not completed yet. The change also needs to convince local community to act as a Malta product and help in order to achieve together goals. The problem is that the local community is the host and the tourist is the guest and the communication and service between them needs to be open to spread the experience and genuine hospitality. The public authorities are being integrated in this process. It is good that actions has been taken to warn the local by Malta Tourism Authority since 2000 and regular meetings are organized with the public authorities, both local and central. This process has to be refreshed each time to ensure and remind how support from partners is important. The distribution element is very significant. The good point is that Malta tourism operators are much more aware of what they could offer and more responsive comparing to traditional tour operators. The government has the idea that they could not only serve usually offers to visitors but could focus on experience of Malta which can be shown in different manner and can be associated at the same time. Malta has developed a Web site that is very popular and easy to use for each of the guests. Currently www.visitmalta.com is visited by 4 000 persons per day, who on average download ten pages each. Also a corporate Web site has been I am sure that this is big process of innovation. Malta need to forget about old style tourism product and change the way of distribution, refresh the offer and change the position on the market. However, tourism is a service that people creates when they travel to get the service that they pay for. Social dimension is very important if Malta want to turn its product to unique experience. Not only are people involved as suppliers and as clients but the whole social aura actually provides the context within which the product can be designed and the delivery determined. The soft element of the infrastructure is therefore of absolute importance. The process was started in 1999 but it is still very much in progress. Malta is currently facing a problem of a misunderstanding between what government manages to promote and what they manage to deliver. Clearly this innovative process is not deep enough and the social dimension of new strategy has not yet been fully understood. Malta should tr y to obtain as much help among the various stakeholders in the tourism industry. The Government of Malta is providing leadership by developing the strategy. A main purpose is to find the way to engage in as much education and motivation as possible to have guaranteed that this innovative process and the management of change required does take root. The challenge is great but the change is necessary. Small islands states and tourism It is known that small islands states are much more depend on tourism more than larger countries do. The reason for this could be that when we compare two different states, small islands economy has much more tourism-related activities than others. Islands like Malta are trying to expand export markets in sells, but it is not successful as these countries wish to be. Looking from different perspective, the natural environment including unique climate and landscapes of Malta gives some advantages in tourism activities. Because of this reason, government set up tourism as priority, and tries to get as much as they can from Malta potential by taking care of the most for them industry. Go